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1.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 91(5): 672-683, oct. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144265

ABSTRACT

La prevención de la transmisión vertical de VIH es un desafío para todos los países del mundo. Esto se ve complejizado por la construcción permanente de sociedades globales, con grado variable de población migrante internacional. Las políticas, programas y acciones sanitarias para la prevención de transmisión vertical de VIH en gestantes migrantes demandan una perspectiva intercultural, en donde se aborden todas las dimensiones sociales, culturales y de género asociadas a la infección. El entender la realidad local en cuanto a la prevención de transmisión vertical de VIH en población migrante internacional en Chile es esencial para llevar acciones concretas que favorezcan la prevención de transmisión madre-hijo de VIH. En este artículo se presentan algunos conceptos esenciales relacionados a esta temática. También se expone información internacional y nacional sobre riesgos de transmisión vertical de VIH en migrantes gestantes, la importancia del plan nacional de preven ción de transmisión vertical de VIH en nuestro país, y algunos esfuerzos que se están realizando para adaptar dicho plan a la realidad de diversidad social y cultural que migrantes gestantes presentan hoy en Chile, como un valioso insumo de salud pública con perspectiva intercultural.


Preventing vertical transmission of HIV is a challenge for all countries worldwide. The permanent construction of global societies with a variable degree of international migrant population has made it more complex. Health policies, programs, and actions for preventing vertical transmission of HIV in pregnant migrants demand an intercultural perspective, where social, cultural, and gender dimen sions associated with the infection are addressed. Understanding the local reality regarding the pre vention of vertical transmission in the international migrant population in Chile is essential to carry out concrete actions that favor the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This article presents some essential concepts related to this topic. It also presents international and national in formation on risks of vertical transmission in pregnant migrants, the importance of the national plan for preventing vertical transmission of HIV in our country, and some ongoing efforts to adapt such plan to the reality of social and cultural diversity that pregnant migrants currently present in Chile, as a useful public health instrument with an intercultural perspective.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/ethnology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy , Prenatal Care/methods , Transients and Migrants , HIV Infections/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Emigrants and Immigrants , Culturally Competent Care/methods , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/therapy , Chile/epidemiology , Social Determinants of Health , Health Policy
2.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 37(2): 259-264, abr.-jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1127134

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Para determinar la prevalencia de infección por los virus de la hepatitis B y D (VHB y VHD, respectivamente), VIH y HTLV-1/2 en la etnia matsés, después de la inmunización contra el VHB se realizó un estudio transversal y poblacional, utilizando pruebas de ELISA y qPCR en 963 pobladores. Las prevalencias de HBsAg, anti-HBc y anti-HBs fueron 3,3%, 36,0% y 58,7%, respectivamente. En el 3,1% de la población la carga viral fue mayor a 2000 UI/mL. En menores de 10 años, la prevalencia de HBsAg y anti-HBc fue 0,0% y 2,6%, respectivamente, mientras que en el 94,4% se encontraron anticuerpos protectores. La prevalencia de infección por el VIH y el HTLV-1/2 fue 1,5% y 0,6%, respectivamente. Se concluye que existen tasas bajas de infección por el VHB y el VHD en la población infantil de la etnia matsés. Asimismo, se confirma la presencia de infección por el VIH y el HTLV-1/2.


ABSTRACT Observational, cross-sectional, populational study to determine the prevalence of infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) in the Matsés ethnic group, after immunization against HBV. ELISA and qPCR tests were used in 963 residents. The prevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBc and Anti-HBs was 3.32%, 36.03% and 58.67% respectively. In 3.1% of the population the viral load was greater than 2000 IU/mL. In children under 10 years, the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc was 0.0% and 2.6%, respectively, while protective antibodies were found in 94.4%. The prevalence of HIV and HTLV-1/2 infection was 1.5% and 0.6%, respectively. It is therefore concluded that there are low rates of HBV and HDV infection in the Matsés child population. Likewise, the presence of HIV and HTLV-1/2 infection is confirmed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatitis D , Hepatitis Delta Virus , Hepatitis B virus , HIV , Retroviridae Infections , Indigenous Peoples , Hepatitis B , Peru , Peru/epidemiology , Retroviridae , Hepatitis D/ethnology , HTLV-I Infections/ethnology , HTLV-II Infections/ethnology , Ethnicity , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/ethnology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Immunization , Retroviridae Infections/ethnology , Hepatitis B/ethnology , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 35(3): 276-282, 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-959442

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: La asociación entre etnicidad e infección por VIH/SIDA constituye un tema emergente y poco explorado en Chile. Objetivo: Describir el perfil de pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA según etnia Mapuche y no Mapuche asociados a condiciones clínicas, factores socio-económicos y oportunidad terapéutica en pacientes de dos centros de atención de las regiones Araucanía y Metropolitana, Chile. Material y Método: Estudio de corte transversal con 558 pacientes cuyos datos se recolectaron mediante un formulario que contenía las variables del estudio, obtenidos tras consentimiento informado. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, asociaciones crudas y estratificadas por cada variable. Resultados: Los pacientes Mapuche fueron en su mayoría de sexo masculino, 53,1% heterosexuales, edad promedio 36,7 años, y nivel educacional e ingresos más bajos que los no Mapuche. La mediana de LT CD4 basal fue más baja en pacientes Mapuche, 51 céls/mm3 o menos y bajo el percentil 25 (IC 38-123). Se observó que existe mayor consumo de drogas, comercio sexual, sexo entre hombres y mayor número de parejas sexuales en último mes, en personas de la etnia no Mapuche y que, además, tienen mejores niveles de ingreso y educación. Conclusión: Existen perfiles diferenciados según etnia respecto de la condición sociocultural y de ingreso de los pacientes a control, generando inequidad en un tratamiento oportuno hacia los pacientes Mapuche, de baja escolaridad y menor educación.


Background: The association between ethnicity and HIV/AIDS is an emerging and unexplored issue in Chile. Aim: To determine the profile of patients with HIV/AIDS by ethnicity and socioeconomic factors associated with diagnostic-therapeutic opportunity in the Araucania and Metropolitan regions. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 558 patients from two centers of HIV/AIDS in Chile. Data were collected using a questionnaire with clinical and sociocultural data obtained under informed consent. Descriptive analysis raw and stratified associations for each variable was performed. Results: Mapuche patients were mostly male, heterosexual (53.1%), lower average age (36.7 years), educational and income level lower than no Mapuche patients. The median of CD4(+) lymphocytes from Mapuche patients was the lowest in the sample, less than 51 cells/mm3, under 25 percentile (CI 38-123). Lifestyle variables indicated that drug use, number of sexual partners, and relationships between men were associated with higher levels of income, education and no Mapuche ethnicity. Conclusion: There are differences between Mapuche and non Mapuche patients regarding their sociocultural and clinical status, which generates health inequalities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , HIV Infections/ethnology , Socioeconomic Factors , Indians, South American , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies
5.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 34(11): e00063618, 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-974591

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Esta etnografia objetivou compreender a experiência de profissionais da saúde que trabalham em um Serviço de Atenção Especializada em HIV/aids num contexto de área remota, no Nordeste brasileiro. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se observação participante e entrevista semiestruturada com sete profissionais que compunham a equipe do serviço estudado. Por meio da técnica de codificação temática, obtiveram-se três categorias: "eu não sabia nem o que era": aspectos do vir a ser profissional especializado em HIV/aids; "está todo mundo lá meio que escondido": estratégias de enfrentamento à (in)visibilidade do status sorológico; e "a gente vive em cima da corda bamba": experiências no processo de trabalho. O aspecto mais relevante deste estudo diz respeito à invisibilidade institucional do serviço como reflexo da atual configuração do dispositivo da aids no Brasil. Os resultados assinalaram algumas dificuldades próprias de serviços localizados em áreas remotas, notadamente a inexperiência dos profissionais e seu agravamento pela carência de educação permanente, necessidades infraestruturais, o lugar das ações de saúde em HIV/aids na agenda política local e a centralidade do fazer médico na organização do processo de trabalho. Destacou-se, ainda, a agência dos interlocutores na produção de estratégias de enfrentamento dessas dificuldades. Este estudo acrescenta ao ressaltar a dimensão local como um marcador social da diferença que modelava as experiências dos interlocutores, pois é ali onde as diretrizes e os princípios da política de saúde são performados por profissionais, gestores e usuários compondo materialidades diversas.


Abstract: This ethnographic study aimed to understand the experience of health professionals working in a Specialized Service for HIV/AIDS Care in a remote area of Northeast Brazil. Data collection used participant observation and a semi-structured interview with seven professionals in the health care team. The thematic coding technique yielded three categories: "I didn't even know what it was": aspects of becoming a specialist in HIV/AIDS; "They're all out there, kind of hidden": strategies for dealing with the (in)visibility of serological status; and "We live on the tightrope": experiences in the work process. The study's most relevant aspect was the service's institutional invisibility as a result of the current configuration of the AIDS structure in Brazil. The results revealed several difficulties that are typical of services located in remote areas, especially the health professionals' lack of experience, aggravated by the lack of continuing education, unmet infrastructure needs, the position of HIV/AIDS care on the local political agenda, and the physician-centered organization of the work process. The study also highlighted the interlocutors' agency in the production of strategies to deal with these difficulties. The study further emphasized the local dimension as a social marker of difference that modeled the interlocutors' experiences, where the health policy's guidelines and principles are performed by health professionals, administrators, and users, comprising diverse material forms.


Resumen: Este estudio etnográfico tuvo como objetivo comprender la experiencia de profesionales de salud, que trabajan en un Servicio de Atención Especializada en VIH/SIDA en un contexto de área remota, en el nordeste brasileño. Para la recogida de datos, se utilizaron técnicas observación participante y entrevista semiestructurada con siete profesionales que componían el equipo del servicio estudiado. Mediante la técnica de codificación temática, se obtuvieron tres categorías: "yo no sabía ni lo que era": aspectos de lo que supone convertirse en un profesional especializado en VIH/SIDA; "está todo el mundo allí medio escondido": estrategias de enfrentamiento a la (in)visibilidad del estatus serológico; y "la gente vive sobre una cuerda floja": experiencias en el proceso de trabajo. El aspecto más relevante de este estudio se refiere a la invisibilidad institucional del servicio, como reflejo de la actual red de atención al SIDA en Brasil. Los resultados señalaron algunas dificultades propias de servicios localizados en áreas remotas, resaltándose la inexperiencia de los profesionales y su agravamiento por la carencia de formación permanente; necesidad de infraestructuras; el lugar de las acciones de salud en relación con VIH/SIDA dentro de la agenda política local, y la centralidad del quehacer médico en la organización del proceso de trabajo. Se destaca, no obstante, la voluntad de los interlocutores para generar estrategias que enfrenten esas dificultades. Este estudio es relevante al resaltar la dimensión local, como un marcador social de las diferencias que modelaban las experiencias de los interlocutores, pues es allí donde se llevan a cabo las directrices y los principios de política de salud por parte de profesionales, gestores y usuarios formando materialidades diversas.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/ethnology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/ethnology , Health Personnel/education , Rural Health Services , Patient Care Team , Professional-Patient Relations , Rural Population , Brazil/ethnology , HIV Infections/therapy , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Delivery of Health Care , Qualitative Research
6.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 49(4): 315-319, Dec. 2017. map, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041794

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Treponema pallidum, Trypanosoma cruzi and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in five Amerindian populations of Argentina. A retrospective study was conducted among 857 Amerindian populations (112 Kollas, 298 Mbyá-guaraníes, 79 Sagua Huarpes, 368 Wichis) from 2007 to 2010. Screening and confirmation of T. pallidum, T. cruzi and HIV-1 were performed. T. pallidum and T. cruzi infections were detected in all communities with an overall prevalence rate of 4.2% and 16.8%, respectively. Although HIV was not detected, syphilis and Chagas' disease represent a challenge for the health care system and the reinforcement of public health strategies is necessary considering the socioeconomic isolation of these populations.


El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la prevalencia de Treponema pallidum, Trypanosoma cruzi y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV-1) en 5 comunidades originarias de Argentina. Para ello, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 857 individuos (112 kollas, 298 mbyá-guaraníes, 79 sagua huarpes, 368 wichis) desde el 2007 hasta el 2010. Se realizó el diagnóstico completo para T. pallidum, T. cruzi y HIV-1. En todas las comunidades se confirmaron infecciones por T. pallidum y T. cruzi con una prevalencia total del 4,2 y del 16,8%, respectivamente. Aunque no se detectó HIV-1, sífilis y Chagas, representan un desafío para el sistema de salud, teniendo que reforzarse las estrategias de salud pública teniendo en cuenta el aislamiento socio-económico que sufren estas poblaciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Indians, South American , Syphilis , HIV Infections , Chagas Disease , Argentina , Treponema pallidum/isolation & purification , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Syphilis/ethnology , Syphilis/therapy , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/therapy , Retrospective Studies , HIV-1 , Chagas Disease/ethnology , Chagas Disease/therapy
7.
MedicalExpress (São Paulo, Online) ; 4(5)Sept.-Oct. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-894362

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Ancestry Indicative Markers are used to define the allelic frequency of genes from different ethnic groups in populations of certain localities of interest, for analysis of population ancestry and estimation of ethnic mixture. This work aimed to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of the ancestry Indicative Markers SB-19.3, APO, AT3 / ID and PV-92 and to determine the existence of polymorphisms for these markers in the state of Mato Grosso. METHOD: The study aimed to estimate allelic and genotype frequencies, adherence to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genetic differentiation in the sample of 238 controls formed by HIV free individuals residing in twenty-six different municipalities in the state, collected at the Júlio Muller University Hospital and in a sample of 516 HIV-positive patients also residing in the state. RESULTS: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test revealed an imbalance between the observed and expected proportions of Sb19.3 and APO loci in the control population. Applying the genetic differentiation test, control populations and HIV-positive patients differed for the four loci analyzed. CONCLUSION: The population of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil proved to be very heterogeneous, confirming hypotheses about its history of colonization. Control populations and HIV-positive patients differed for the four loci analyzed.


OBJETIVO: Os Marcadores Indicativos de Ancestralidade (AIMs) são usados ​​para definir a frequência alélica de genes de diferentes grupos étnicos em populações de determinadas localidades de interesse, para análise de ascendência populacional e estimativa de mistura étnica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a freqüência de AIMs (SB-19.3, APO, AT3 / ID e PV-92) e verificar a existência de polimorfismos para esses marcadores no estado de Mato Grosso. MÉTODO: O estudo teve como objetivo estimar as freqüências alélicas e genotípicas, a aderência ao equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e a diferenciação genética na amostra de controles formada por indivíduos residentes em vinte e seis municípios do estado, coletados no Hospital Universitário Júlio Muller e em uma amostra de pacientes HIV positivos também residentes no estado. RESULTADOS: O teste de equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg revelou um desequilíbrio entre as proporções observadas e esperadas dos loci Sb19.3 e APO na população de controle. Aplicando o teste de diferenciação genética, a população controle e os pacientes HIV positivos diferenciaram-se para os quatro loci analisados. CONCLUSÃO: A população do estado de Mato Grosso mostrou-se heterogênea, confirmando hipóteses sobre sua história de colonização. A população controle e os pacientes HIV positivos diferenciaram-se para os quatro loci analisados.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/ethnology , Black People , Polymorphism, Genetic , Genetic Testing/methods , Population Groups/ethnology
8.
Salud colect ; 13(3): 537-554, jul.-sep. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-903692

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Este artículo describe y analiza la situación epidemiológica, de prevención, atención y tratamiento del VIH para pueblos indígenas en Latinoamérica. Se identificaron, clasificaron y analizaron 304 materiales publicados, entre ellos, declaraciones, protocolos de políticas públicas y programas en salud, estudios de caso y revisiones del estado del arte locales, nacionales y regionales. La vulnerabilidad social diferencial en la adquisición del VIH y la inequidad en el acceso a la atención de la población indígena en Latinoamérica, con respecto a otras, se debe a la yuxtaposición de factores como la violencia estructural, el género, el racismo, la discriminación por la condición de salud en el caso de las personas que viven con VIH y la posición subordinada que, en general, ocupan en sociedades estratificadas en función de esquemas sociales y económicos pero también étnicos y culturales. Los escasos estudios desagregados por etnicidad sobre prevalencia epidemiológica y morbimortalidad existentes revelan datos desalentadores y alertan sobre la necesidad de conocer el comportamiento de la epidemia en esta población y abordar sus repercusiones en términos preventivos, de atención y seguimiento oportuno.


ABSTRACT This article aims to describe and analyze the situations of epidemiological prevalence, prevention, care and treatment of HIV in indigenous populations of Latin America. In order to do so, 304 published materials - including declarations, public policy and health program protocols, case studies and literature reviews with local, national and regional scopes - were identified, classified and analyzed. The differential social vulnerability to HIV infection and the inequity in health care access among indigenous populations can be attributed to the juxtaposition of factors such as structural violence, gender, racism, and discrimination due health condition (living with HIV) as well as the subordinated position of indigenous peoples in societies stratified not only socially and economically but also ethnically and culturally. The few studies done in the region on epidemiological prevalence, morbidity and mortality that are disaggregated by ethnicity reveal alarming data highlighting the need for further information on the epidemic in this population so as to address its repercussions in terms of prevention, care and timely follow-up.


Subject(s)
Humans , Indians, Central American , Indians, South American , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/therapy , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Health Policy , Prevalence , Racism , Sexism , Social Discrimination/ethnology , Health Services Accessibility , Latin America/epidemiology
9.
Clinics ; 70(12): 790-796, Dec. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-769706

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and γ mRNA expression in liver tissue of hepatitis C virus-infected patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus and its possible contribution to an acceleration of liver disease progression. METHODS: We measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction in liver tissues from 40 subjects infected only with hepatitis C virus, 36 subjects co-infected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus and 11 normal adults. RESULTS: Hepatic mRNA expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors was significantly lower in hepatitis C virus-infected subjects with and without human immunodeficiency virus co-infection compared to the controls. Non-black race was also identified as a predictor of lower peroxisome receptor α and γ mRNA expression. Compared to subjects infected only with hepatitis C virus, liver peroxisome receptor γ mRNA expression was significantly lower in hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus-co-infected subjects (0.0092 in hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus-co-infection vs. 0.0120 in hepatitis C virus-only; p=0.004). Hepatic peroxisome receptor α mRNA expression in the hepatitis C virus-infected patients was lower in the presence of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in non-black subjects (0.0769 vs. 0.1061; p=0.02), whereas the levels did not vary based on human immunodeficiency virus status among black subjects. CONCLUSION: mRNA expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors is impaired in hepatitis C virus-infected liver and further reduced by human immunodeficiency virus co-infection, although the suppressive effects of the viruses are substantially mitigated in black patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coinfection/pathology , HIV Infections/pathology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology , PPAR alpha/analysis , PPAR gamma/analysis , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Analysis of Variance , Biopsy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Coinfection/complications , Coinfection/ethnology , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/ethnology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/ethnology , Linear Models , Liver Cirrhosis/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/pathology , Liver/pathology , PPAR alpha/genetics , PPAR gamma/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index
10.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 20(9): 2649-2658, Set. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-757539

ABSTRACT

ResumoA devolução, restituição ou compartilhamento pode significar, dentre outras possibilidades, entregar produtos aos partícipes de um empreendimento de pesquisa/extensão. A entrega de resultados não é uma prática nova na antropologia, embora ainda seja pouco usual, sistematizada e valorizada. Neste artigo, relato e discuto uma experiência de devolução de materiais de um projeto de extensão da antropologia, que foi desenvolvido dentro de um centro de saúde, na região periférica do Distrito Federal. As reações aos materiais foram muito diferentes do esperado pela equipe do projeto, mas ainda assim permitiu fazer avançar o diálogo entre os envolvidos e, mais do que isso, permitiu que o conhecimento sobre as relações de trabalho dentro dessa instituição de saúde fosse aprofundado. Não é somente porque foi logrado o aval de comitês de ética que as negociações sobre a entrada e permanência em projetos acadêmicos estão garantidas continuamente. As relações de subjetividade, poder e autoria permeiam qualquer iniciativa antropológica, antes de começá-la e muito depois de, supostamente, terminá-la.


AbstractDevolution, restitution or sharing can mean, within other possibilities, to offer products to participants of a research or an extension project. Far from a new practice in Anthropology, returning results is still unusual, little organized and valued. This paper presents and discusses a devolution experience by an extension project in Anthropology that was developed in a primary care unit in the outskirts of Distrito Federal (Brazil). Local reactions were very different from what was expected by the project's staff, but still permitted dialogue with the health professionals and, more important, deepened our knowledge about work relations in this health institution. Even though IRB approval has been granted, negotiations about starting and continuing academic projects have to be negotiated continuously. Subjectivity, power and authority permeate any anthropological initiative from its beginning and much after it supposedly has been concluded.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acculturation , Asian/statistics & numerical data , Depressive Disorder/ethnology , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/ethnology , Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander/statistics & numerical data , Social Perception , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Seropositivity/ethnology , New York/epidemiology , Prevalence , Quality of Life , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , San Francisco/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
12.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 14(2): 197-200, Mar.-Apr. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-548465

ABSTRACT

A mutation described as a G-to-A transition has been reported in SDF-1 gene (SDF1-3'A), being prevalent in all ethnic groups, except in Africans. This mutation is associated with the onset of AIDS progression. Our aim was to identify the frequency of this allele in different groups from Brazil: Tiriyó and Waiampi Amerindian tribes (Asian ancestry); selected blood donors from Joinville (German descendents); and from Salvador (predominance of African and Portuguese mixture). SDF1-3'A was screened by PCR/RFLP with MspI enzyme. Our results showed a high allelic frequency in Tiriyó tribe (0.24) and Joinville population (0.21), and a frequency of 0.17 and 0.05 in the Salvador population and in the Waiampi tribe, respectively. There was no statistical difference among the allelic frequencies in the studied ethnic groups, except in the Waiampi. Due to the great genetic diversity among Brazilian population and the lack of studies on SDF1-3'A allele, our study of this allelic frequency in these different Brazilian ethnic groups could be important to identification of biomarker for therapeutic support in progression to AIDS and a molecular marker for analysis of evolutionary relationships among human populations.


Subject(s)
Humans , /genetics , HIV Infections/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Black People/genetics , Asian People/genetics , Brazil/ethnology , Disease Progression , White People/genetics , Gene Frequency , Genetic Markers , Genotype , HIV Infections/ethnology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
13.
Rev. habanera cienc. méd ; 9(1)ene.-mar. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-575771

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de la población VIH/SIDA femenina de Ciudad Habana desde 1986 hasta diciembre del 2006. Se evidenció un incremento en las tasas de incidencia de VIH/SIDA y de caso SIDA por año. El grupo de edad más afectado fue de 20 a 24 años. El debut clínico se presentó en 3,7 por ciento y el tiempo promedio entre el diagnóstico de VIH y caso SIDA fue 4 años. El síndrome de desgaste y la tuberculosis pulmonar fueron las enfermedades marcadoras de SIDA más frecuentemente encontradas(AU)


A retrospective and descriptive study on HIV/AIDS female population was carried out in Havana City from 1986 to December 2006. An increase in the rates of incidence per year in relation to HIV/AIDS and AIDS case were evidenced. The most affected age group was from 20 to 24 years. The clinical debut became evident in 3,7 percent and the average time between the HIV diagnostic and AIDS case was 4 years. The wasting syndrome and the lung tuberculosis were the most frequent indicative illnesses of AIDS(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Health Profile , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Seroprevalence/trends , Observational Study , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective Studies
14.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(3): 677-679, mar. 2009.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-507868

ABSTRACT

This forum on the challenges of preventing STD/AIDS in Portuguese-speaking African countries contains three articles and a postscript. The first paper reviews academic production on the topic from the fields of the social sciences and of health, with special attention on how local cultural and socioeconomic factors impact the dynamics of the epidemic. Based on an ethnographic study of a region in southern Mozambique, the second paper analyzes the notion of 'tradition' within the context of Mozambique and how it affects perceptions of the local population's vulnerability to STD/AIDS. The third and final article discusses common ground and differences between government and civil society in gender approaches by community HIV/AIDS projects in Mozambique. Their observations suggest that important mistakes have been made in STD/AIDS prevention discourse and initiatives in African countries because the unique features of local development models and cultural systems have not been taken into account.


Esta introdução apresenta o Fórum sobre os desafios da prevenção às DST/AIDS em países africanos de língua oficial portuguesa, constituído por três artigos e um posfácio. O primeiro trabalho traz uma revisão da produção acadêmica no campo das ciências sociais e da saúde sobre o tema, focalizando as implicações dos fatores culturais e sócio-econômicos locais para a dinâmica da epidemia. A partir de um estudo etnográfico numa região do sul de Moçambique, o segundo texto analisa a noção de "tradição" no contexto moçambicano e suas conseqüências para a percepção da vulnerabilidade às DST/AIDS da população local. O terceiro artigo discute pontos de aproximação e de desencontro entre o governo e a sociedade civil na abordagem de gênero de projetos comunitários de enfrentamento do HIV/AIDS em Moçambique. As reflexões revelam que os discursos e ações de prevenção das DST/AIDS em países africanos apresentam equívocos importantes por não considerarem as particularidades dos modelos de desenvolvimento e os sistemas culturais locais.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Disease Outbreaks , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Vulnerable Populations , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Africa/epidemiology , Cultural Characteristics , HIV Infections/ethnology , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
15.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(3): 680-686, mar. 2009.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-507869

ABSTRACT

The article reviews academic literature in the social sciences and health on the problems and challenges of STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking African countries. Based on a bibliographic survey of the SciELO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts databases between 1997 and 2007, the research under review was organized into two groups, according to content. The first group of studies sought to understand STD/AIDS vulnerability among social groups by examining local cultural and socioeconomic factors as related to gender dynamics, sexuality, color/race, religion and health care. The second group encompassed critical assessments of shortcomings in the STD/AIDS educational messages delivered by governments and international agencies. Attention is called to the way in which the presence of traditional medicine systems and the occurrence of civil wars in the post-colonial period impact the STD/AIDS epidemic in the African countries under study.


O artigo analisa a produção acadêmica, no campo das ciências sociais e da saúde, sobre os problemas e desafios das ações de prevenção das DST/AIDS nos países africanos de língua oficial portuguesa. A partir do levantamento bibliográfico nas bases SciELO, PubMed e Sociological Abstracts, entre 1997 a 2007, o conteúdo dos trabalhos selecionados foi organizado em dois eixos. O primeiro centra-se na descrição dos estudos sobre a relevância dos fatores culturais e sócio-econômicos locais, relacionados às dinâmicas de gênero, à sexualidade, cor/raça, religião e cuidados em saúde, para o entendimento da vulnerabilidade às DST/AIDS dos diversos grupos sociais. O segundo eixo aborda as avaliações críticas acerca dos equívocos das mensagens educativas sobre DST/AIDS, promovidas pelos governos e agências internacionais, bem como as implicações da presença dos sistemas de medicinas tradicionais e da ocorrência de guerras civis no período pós-colonial para a dinâmica das DST/AIDS nos contextos nacionais africanos pesquisados.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Delivery of Health Care , Health Education , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Social Sciences , Vulnerable Populations , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Africa/epidemiology , Atlantic Islands/epidemiology , Cultural Characteristics , Educational Status , Health Policy , HIV Infections/ethnology , Religion , Sex Factors , Sexual Behavior , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data , Warfare
16.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(3): 687-693, mar. 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-507870

ABSTRACT

In southern Mozambique, the "traditional" notion of personhood is constructed through a process, as an outcome of diachronic and synchronic social relations that encompass kin and other peers, including spirits. Both person and body are thought of as elements traversed and determined by these relations, which include the gender relations whose complementarity finds expression in alliances and the production of descendants. In this system of agnatic kinship, descent is possible through women, who produce the male and female persons. Because of women's structural position, they may be suspected of fostering deconstruction of the person as well, with diseases providing the objective data that ground such a charge. To a certain degree, HIV/AIDS has been experienced in terms of this sociocultural arrangement, which defines disease as the result of action by social subjects that jeopardizes the person, placing women in the vulnerable position of being seen as the producers of disease. This has defined the ways in which people experience both the epidemic as well as STD/HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment messages and public policies.


No Sul de Moçambique, a noção "tradicional" de pessoa constrói-se numa perspectiva processual, como fluxo de relações sociais diacrônicas e sincrônicas que congregam parentes e outros pares, inclusive os espíritos. Pessoa e corpo são pensados como elementos atravessados e determinados por essas relações, que congregam as relações de gênero em termos de complementaridade realizada nas alianças e produção da descendência. Num sistema de descendência local, é através das mulheres que a filiação e a descendência são possíveis, gerando a pessoa masculina e feminina. Essa posição estrutural as coloca sob suspeitas de promoção da desconstrução da pessoa, sendo as doenças percebidas como dados objetivos que apontam para tal ação. Em certa medida, o HIV/AIDS tem sido experimentado nos termos dessa disposição sócio-cultural que define as doenças como ações de sujeitos sociais que colocam em risco a pessoa, construindo uma situação de vulnerabilidade das mulheres ao estabelecê-las como promotoras de doenças. Tal cenário tem determinado as experiências que os sujeitos têm com a epidemia e com os discursos e políticas públicas de prevenção e tratamento das DST e HIV/AIDS.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Disease Outbreaks , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Interpersonal Relations , Public Policy , Sexual Behavior , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Cultural Characteristics , Condoms , HIV Infections/ethnology , Mozambique/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Sexuality , Vulnerable Populations , Women's Health
17.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(3): 694-699, mar. 2009.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-507871

ABSTRACT

This article discusses some areas where government and civil society converge and clash in their gender approaches in community HIV/AIDS projects in Mozambique, based on an evaluative study conducted in 2006 encompassing 160 of the 1,124 NGO projects undertaken with the support of the country's national AIDS council, known as the Conselho Nacional de Combate ao SIDA (CNCS). An analysis of projects and official documents shows that, for the CNCS, the term "gender" represents a way of underscoring the epidemic's impact on women. In community projects, the gender approach often times finds expression in initiatives to mitigate the economic impact of the epidemic on widows. Initiatives aimed at men and at the population as a whole generally pay little attention to power relations between men and women or their affect on the epidemic. This suggests that any endeavor to transfer Western analytical techniques or forms of intervention for coping with the HIV/AIDS epidemic to other regions of the world demands painstaking efforts to translate these and adapt them to local cultural standards.


Este artigo discute algumas convergências e desencontros entre governo e sociedade civil na abordagem de gênero de projetos comunitários de enfrentamento do HIV/AIDS em Moçambique. Baseia-se em material de pesquisa avaliativa realizada no país em 2006, incluindo 160 dos 1.124 projetos de organizações não governamentais desenvolvidos com apoio do Conselho Nacional de Combate ao SIDA (CNCS). A análise dos projetos e de documentos oficiais mostra que para o CNCS o termo gênero aparece destacando a dinâmica de epidemia em relação às mulheres. Nos projetos comunitários a abordagem de gênero muitas vezes será traduzida em ações de mitigação dos impactos econômicos da epidemia sobre viúvas. Atividades voltadas para a população masculina e para a população em geral pouco abordam as relações de poder entre homens e mulheres e suas conseqüências para a epidemia. Isto sugere que a transferência de tecnologias de análise e intervenção sobre a epidemia do HIV de países do ocidente para as demais regiões do planeta exige um cuidadoso trabalho de tradução e adaptação aos padrões culturais locais.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Community Health Services , Community Networks , Federal Government , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Sex Factors , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks , Health Policy , Health Services Accessibility , HIV Infections/ethnology , Mozambique/epidemiology , National Health Programs , Women's Health
19.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 23(5): 341-348, mayo 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-488455

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to describe the sexual practices, drug use behaviors, psychosocial factors, and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in a sample of Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM) born in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries who currently reside in Miami-Dade County, Florida. METHODS: Hispanic MSM (N = 566) recruited from community and Internet venues completed a computer-assisted self-interview assessing sociodemographic factors, drug use, sexual behaviors, and psychosocial factors. We focused on the 470 men who were born in LAC countries, including Puerto Rico. We first examined separately, by country of origin, the sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and psychosocial factors of the sample. We then collapsed the groups and examined the factors associated with UAI in the previous 6 months for the entire sample of Hispanic MSM from LAC countries. RESULTS: In the previous 6 months, 44 percent of the sample engaged in UAI, and 41 percent used club drugs. At the multivariate level, psychological distress, higher number of sexual partners, club drug use, HIV-positive status at the time of immigration, and greater orientation to American culture were significantly associated with UAI in the previous 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Many MSM born in LAC countries engage in HIV-related risk behaviors in the AIDS epicenter of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Culturally appropriate interventions should address these risk behaviors in this underserved population.


OBJETIVO: Describir las prácticas sexuales, el consumo de drogas y los factores psicosociales y de predicción del coito anal sin protección (CASP), en una muestra de hombres nacidos en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) residentes actualmente en el Condado de Miami-Dade, Florida, que tienen sexo con hombres. MÉTODOS: En total, 566 hispanos que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), captados en la comunidad y sitios de Internet, completaron una encuesta autoaplicada por computadora que abordaba los factores socioeconómicos, el consumo de drogas, el comportamiento sexual y los factores psicológicos. El estudio se centró en 470 hombres nacidos en ALC, incluido Puerto Rico. La muestra se analizó por país de origen, prácticas sexuales, consumo de drogas y factores psicológicos. Luego se unieron los grupos y se analizaron los factores asociados con el CASP en los 6 meses previos en toda la muestra. RESULTADOS: En los 6 meses previos, 44 por ciento de la muestra tuvo CASP y 41 por ciento consumió drogas de las llamadas recreativas. Según el análisis multifactorial, los factores asociados significativamente con el CASP en los 6 meses previos fueron: los problemas psicológicos, el mayor número de parejas sexuales, el consumo de drogas recreacionales, la positividad al VIH en el momento en que inmigró y el mayor grado de orientación hacia la cultura estadounidense. CONCLUSIONES: Muchos HSH nacidos en ALC incurren en comportamientos de riesgo de infección por el VIH en el epicentro de sida del Condado de Miami-Dade, Florida. Se deben aplicar intervenciones culturalmente apropiadas para combatir estos comportamientos de riesgo en la población marginada estudiada.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Coitus , HIV Infections/transmission , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Risk-Taking , Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology , Acculturation , Awareness , Catchment Area, Health , Florida/epidemiology , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Health Promotion , Latin America/ethnology , Psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , United States/epidemiology , West Indies/ethnology
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